Vairocana

National Treasure #26
Birojeon Hall, Bulguksa Temple (map)
East Gyeongju, Korea

The cosmic buddha Vairocana is identified by the "knowledge fist" mudra seen here. Vairocana can display other mudras as well, but if you see a buddha making "knowledge fist" it is probably Vairocana. There are many possible interpretations of the symbolism of this mudra. These include male/female, consciousness/senses, unity/multiplicity, and void/form. Vairocana, also called Mahavairocana, is known as Dainichi in Japan where he became the patron deity of the Shingon sect.

This image is said to have been created in the 9th century AD. However, it is difficult to understand how it could have survived the many periods of destruction of Bulguksa between then and now.